Research and MLA Citation Guides
Citation Generators |
|
To assist with researching and writing papers, use the web sites below for step-by-step instructions on selecting a topic, narrowing the subject, researching relevant material, synthesizing information, and citing sources.
Basic Steps to Creating a Research Project- CRLS Research Guide
http://www.crlsresearchguide.org/00_basic_steps.asp
---provides students with 23 basic steps for researching and writing papers.
A Guide for Writing Research Papers
http://webster.commnet.edu/mla/index.shtml
---provides information on gathering, interpreting, and documenting information, as well as developing and organizing ideas and conclusions.
How to Write an A+ Research Paper
http://www.aresearchguide.com
---provides students with the tools necessary to conduct research and write a paper.
IPL Teenspace: A+ Research & Writing
http://www.ipl.org/div/aplus
---provides high school and college students with a step-by-step guide for researching and writing papers.
Basic Guide to Essay Writing
http://members.tripod.com/~lklivingston/essay
---provides students with step-by-step instructions for writing an essay.
The Nuts and Bolts of College Writing
http://nutsandbolts.washcoll.edu
---provides students with tips on grammar, style, structure, mechanics, spelling, and citing sources.
When writing a research paper, every borrowed word, idea, or fact must be clearly documented. Writers do this by creating a Works Cited page, or Bibliography, listing all of the print and nonprint sources used within the paper. It appears at the end of the research paper, and all sources are listed together, arranged alphabetically according to the first letter of each entry.
MLA style refers to the guidelines used in writing and citing research papers primarily in English, foreign languages, comparative literature, and other humanities courses.
The following sources were consulted to compile rules and examples of print and electronic citations:
Gibaldi, Joseph. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 6th Ed. New
York : Modern Language Association, 2003.
Tensen, Bonnie L. Research Strategies for a Digital Age. Boston: Thomson
Wadsworth, 2004.
- Begin your Works Cited page on a new page at the end of your research paper.
- List each source separately. Do not number sources.
- Double space all citations unless you are instructed otherwise by your teacher.
- Begin each citation at the margin. If a citation is longer than one line, indent the remaining lines five spaces to form a hanging indent.
- Arrange each source alphabetically by author's last name. If the author is unknown, alphabetize by the title of the work.
- Capitalize the first word and all other major words of titles and subtitles. Do not capitalize articles, prepositions, coordinating conjunctions, or the "to" in infinitives.
- Underline titles of books, pamphlets, newspapers, magazines, journals, films, radio and television programs, web sites, CDs, software, ballets, operas, paintings, and other works and artifacts that stand on their own.
- Use quotation marks for titles of poems, short stories, magazine and newspaper articles, chapters and essays in books, and encyclopedia articles.
- If a source has more than one author, invert only the first author’s name, followed by a comma. List the other author(s) by first name followed by last name.
- If more than one work by the same author is cited, list them in alphabetical order by title. Replace the author’s name in the second source with three hyphens and a period.
- When an author is the sole writer of one source and the first writer of a group of authors for another source, list the solo work first.
- Use the conjunction “and,” not an ampersand [&], when listing multiple authors of a single work.
- Use only the first city of publication when more than one city is listed.
- Include all of the publishers when more than one is listed, placing a semicolon between each.
- List magazine and Internet dates using the day, month, and year format: 4 May 1990 for weekly publications; Oct. 2004 for monthly publications.
- Do not use the abbreviations p. or pp. to specify page numbers.
- Divide an web address only at a logical place, such as at a slash, period, or hyphen.
- Enclose web addresses (URLs) and e-mail addresses in angle brackets.
- Use parentheses for the publication years of online journals. Do not use parentheses for the publicatio dates of online newspapers.
• Books
• Parts of a Book
• Reference Books
• Magazine Articles
• Scholarly Journal Articles
• Newspaper Articles
• Government Documents
• Maps and Charts
• Other Print Sources
Author(s). Title of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year.
A Book by One Author or Editor
Eaton, Katherine B. Daily Life in the Soviet Union. Westport, CT: Greenwood
Press, 2004.
Streussguth, Thomas, ed. Custer’s Last Stand. Farmington Hills, MI: Greenhaven
Press, 2003.
A Book by Two Authors or Editors
Bloom, Jonathan and Sheila Blair. Islam: A Thousand Years of Faith and Power.
New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002.
Hinshaw, John and Paul Le Blanc, eds. U.S. Labor in the Twentieth Century:
Studies in Working Class Struggles and Insurgency. Amherst, NY: Humanity
Books, 2000.
A Book by Three Authors or Editors
If the persons named on the title page are editors or compilers, add a comma after the final name, then the abbreviation "eds." or "comps."
Lowi, Theodore, Benjamin Ginsberg, and Steve Jackson, eds. Analyzing
American Government: American Government, Freedom and Power. 3rd ed.
New York: Norton, 1994.
A Book by Four of More Authors or Editors
If there are four or more authors or editors you may list only the first author followed by the phrase et al. (the Latin abbreviation for "and others"), or you may list all of the authors in the same order in which they appear on the title page.
Shields, J., et al. The History of the English Alley. Hartford: Merganser Press,
1997.
A Book With an Editor in Addition to an Author
Chaucer, Geoffrey. The Works of Geoffrey Chaucer. Ed. F. W. Robinson. Boston:
Houghton, 1957.
A Book by a Corporate Author
Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art. A Guide to the Herbert F. Johnson Museum
of Art, Cornell University.Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, 1973.
A Book with No Author Named
The Book of Rule: How the World is Governed. London: DK, 2004.
Two or More Books by the Same Author
When citing two or more books by the same author, list the author’s name in the first citation only. For subsequent citations, type three hypens, add a period, skip a space, and give the title. The three hyphens stand for the names(s) of the author(s) in the preceding entry. List the titles of the books in alphabetical order.
Nardo, Don. The American Revolution. Farmington Hills, MI: Lucent Books, 2003.
---. Atlantis. Farmington Hills, MI: Lucent Books, 2003.
If the person is the single author of one book but a joint author of another book, each entry must list the person’s name in full.
Mumford, Lewis. The Highway and the City. New York: Harcourt Brace and
World, 1993.
Mumford, Lewis and Stuart Hall. Pollution in the Cities. Boston: Little, Brown,
1990.
An Anthology
Ramazani, Jahan, Richard Ellman, and Robert O’Clair, eds. The Norton
Anthology of Modern and Contemporary Poetry. New York: Norton, 2003.
A Book That is Translated
Kertész, Imre. Fateless. Trans. Christopher C. Wilson and Katherine M. Wilson.
Evanston, IL: Northwester University Press, 1992.
A Book That is Translated and Edited
Freud, Sigmund. The Letters of Sigmund Freud. Ed. Ernest L. Freud.
Trans. Tania and James Stern. New York: Basic Books, 1990.
A Book in a Series
If a book is a part of a series, insert the name of the series and the number of the book’s place in the series between the title and publication information.
Stone, Frederick W. “Approaches to Teaching Byron’s Poetry.” Approaches to
Teaching World Literature. Vol. 36. New York: Macmillan, 1991.
A Book in a Literary Criticism Series
“Hemingway, Ernest.” Twentieth Century Literary Criticism. Vol. 8. Detroit: Gale
Research, 1982. 39 vols. 174-210.
Wexler, Barbara. Violent Relationships: Battering and Abuse among Adults.
Information Plus Reference Series. Detroit, Gale, 2003.
A Book With Two or More Volumes
Page, Melvin E., ed. Colonialism: An International, Social, Cultural, and Political
Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2003.
If the volume has a different title from the entire work, give the title of the multivolume set.
Arbor, Hannah. Imperialism. London: Oxford University Press, 1989. Vol.2 of The
Origins of Totalitarianism, 3 vols.
A Sacred Text
Titles of sacred scripture are not underlined.
The Holy Bible. Revised Standard Version. New York: New American Library,
1962.
A Reprinted Book
Weston, Jessie L. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. 1920. New York:
Doubleday, 1987.
A Republished Book
If a republished book has a different title from the original book, state the original title and publication date followed by “Rpt. as” (reprinted as) and the new title and publication information.
Isherwood, Christopher. Mr. Norris Changes Trains. 1935. Rpt as The Last Mr.
Norris. New York:Harper Row, 1967.
A Second or Later Edition
Ornstein, Robert. Training Your Dog. 2nd. Ed. New York: Harcourt, 1997.
Parts of a Book
Author(s). "Title of Article." Title of Collection. Ed. Editor's Name(s). Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. Pages.
A Chapter in a Book
Jones, James. “American Economy Before the Civil War. “ American History.
New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986.
A Selection in an Anthology (Essay, Poem, Short Story)
Jones, James. “Daydreaming.” Fictions. Comp. and Ed. John Smith. New
York: Harper and Row, 1968. 127-135.
An Essay Written By One Person and Edited By Another
Weyler, Karen A. "Captivity Narratives." The History of Southern Women's
Literature. Ed. Carolyn Perry and Mary Louise Weaks. Baton Rouge:
Louisiana State Unviversity Press, 2002. 25-31.
A Preface, Introduction, Foreward, or Afterward
When citing a foreward, begin with the name of the person who wrote the foreward, then the word “Foreward,” followed by the title of the work, its author and the other publication information including the page numbers. Follow the same procedure for citing a procedure for citing a preface, introduction, and afterward.
Pepin, Ronald E. Foreward. The Saints of Diminished Capacity: Selected Poems,
1972-1997. By Charles Darling. Hartford: Capital Press, 1997. ii-ix.
Reference Books
Author(s). Title of Book. Edition Year.
A Signed Article in an Encyclopedia or Similar Reference Book
Littleton, C. Scott. “Mythology.” The World Book Encyclopedia. 1992. ed.
An Unsigned Article in an Encyclopedia or Similar Reference Book
“Tibetians.” The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Mankind. 1984 ed.
An Article From a Less Familiar Encyclopedia or Reference Book
For articles from less familiar encyclopedias or reference books, include the full publication information.
Nielsen, Jorgen S. "European Culture and Islam." Encyclopedia of Islam and the
Muslim World. Ed. Richard C. Martin. New York: Macmillan Reference-
Thomson/Gale, 2004.
A Dictionary Entry
"Accord." Def.5b. The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. 1989.
"Onomatopoeia." Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary. 11th ed. 2003.
An Atlas or Gazeteer
Atlas of the World. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.
Munro, David, ed. Cambridge World Gazetteer. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1988.
Magazine Articles
Author(s). “Title of Article.” Title of Source Day Month Year: Pages.
A Signed Article in a Weekly Magazine
Whitaker, Mark. “Getting Tough at Last.” Newsweek 10 May 1993: 22.
An Unsigned Article in a Weekly Magazine
“A Mask of Genius.” Time 26 May 1980: 79.
A Signed Article in a Monthly or Bi-Monthly Magazine
Tobias, Sheila. “Math Anxiety and Physics: Some Thoughts on Learning Difficult
Subjects.” Physics Today June 1985: 60-68.
A Unsigned Article in a Monthly or Bi-Monthly Magazine
“Bacteriological Warfare.” Scientific American 11 March 1995: 67, 70.
A Magazine Article Whose Title Contains a Quotation or Title Within a Quotation
Hurley, Harold. “Cracking the Secret Code in Oate’s 'Where are You Going,
Where Have You Been?’” New Yorker 22 Feb. 1996: 43-47.
A Book Review in a Magazine
Shapiro, Ellen. Rev. of The Ha-Ha by Dave King. People 63:5 (2005): 50.
Scholarly Journal Articles
Author. "Title of Article." Title of Journal Volume Number (Year): Page(s).
A Journal Article with Continuous Pagination Throughout the Volume
If the journal uses continuous pagination throughout a particular volume, only volume and year are needed.
Davis, William D., Thomas Cleary, Michelle Donnelly, and Samuel Hellerman.
"Using Sensor Signals to Analyze Fires." Fire Technology 39 (2003): 295-
308.
A Journal Article in a Scholarly Journal That Pages Each Issue Separately
Give both the volume and issue numbers, separated by a period (e.g. volume 12, no. 8 is written 12.8)
Murphy, Karen L., Roseanne DePasquale, and Erin McNamara. "Meaningful
Connections: Using Technology in Primary Classrooms." Young Children
58.6 (2003): 12-18.
Newspaper Articles
Author(s). “Title of Article.” Title of Source Day Month Year: Section/ Page(s).
A Signed Article from a Daily Newspaper
Smith, Bob. “Schools Losing Ground.” USA Today 5 May 2001: D5
An Unsigned Article from a Daily Newspaper
“Crossroads for Civil Rights Policy.” Atlanta Constitution 28 May 1985: A22.
A Newspaper Article with Non-continuous Pages
Smith, Bob. “Schools Losing Ground.” USA Today 5 May 2001: B3+
A Newspaper Article from a Late or Special Edition
If there is more than one edition available for that date (as in an early and late edition of a newspaper), identify the edition following the date (e.g. 17 May 1987, late ed.).
“Striking a Pose With Sally Miles.” New York Times 15 Oct. 1997, late ed.: D12
Wingfield, Nick. “Unraveling the Mysteries Inside Web Shopper’s Minds.” Wall
Street Journal 18 June 1998: East ed.: B6+
An Editorial in a Newspaper
“Young, Gifted and Inspired.” Editorial. Washington Post 18 May 1998: 20
A Review in a Newspaper
Williams, Larry. “Powerful Urban Drama Builds in Bell’s Tense ‘Ten Indians’.” Rev.
of Ten Indians by Madison Smart Bell. New York Times 1 Dec. 1996: G3.
Government Documents
Citations government agencies should include the name of the government first, then the name of the agency.
State Document
New York State. Commission on Capital Punishment. Report of the Commission
to Investigate and Report the Most Humane and Practical Method of Carrying
Into Effect the Sentence of Death in Capital Cases. Albany: Troy Press,
1988.
Federal Document
U.S. Bureau of Census. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1987. 107th ed.
Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1977.
International Document
United Nations. General Assembly. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Discrimination Against Women. New York: United Nations, 1979.
Maps and Charts
A Map on a Single Sheet
Author. Title of Map. Format. Edition. Scale. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year.
National Geographic Society. South Asia, with Afghanistan and Myanmar. Map.
1:7,345,000, 1"=116 miles. Washington: National Geographic Society, May
1997.
Manitoba: Municipalities Local Government Districts 1988. Map. 3rd edition.
1:1,000,000. Winnipeg: Manitoba Natural Resources, Surveys and Mapping
Branch, 1987.
A Map in a Book
Author. "Title of Map." Format. Scale. In: Book Author. Title of Book. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher, Date: Page(s).
Baum, Frank L. "The Yellow Brick Road." Map. Scale not given. In: Frank L.
Baum. The Wizard of Oz. Kansas City: Munchkin, Inc., 1938: 32.
"Dallas TX." Map. 2005 Road Atlas: USA, Canada, Mexico. Greenville, SC:
Michelin, 2005.
A Map in a Magazine or Scholarly Journal
Author. "Title of Map." Format. Scale. In: Article Author. "Article Title," Journal Title Volume (Year): Page(s).
Verne, Jules. "The Bottom of the Sea." Map. ½” = 20 leagues. In: Jules Verne.
"Fantastic Voyage," Travel and Leisure 56: (1852): 127.
A Map in an Atlas
Author. "Title of Map." Format. Scale. In: Author of Atlas. Atlas Title. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher, Date, Page(s).
"Sin City." [map]. 1:62,500. In: Dante Alighieri. The Under-World Atlas. 2nd ed.
Hades: Firestorm Press, 1298: 13.
A Chart in a Book
Author. Title of Chart. Format. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year.
2004 Andex Chart. Chart. Windsor, ON: Andex, 2004
Other Print Sources
An Advertisement
Lufthansa. Advertisement. Time 20 Nov. 2000: 151
A Diagram in a Book
Author. Title. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year.
Meridian, Merry. Lines for All Occasions. Greenwich: Straight Shooter Press,
1985.
A Diagram in a Magazine or Scholarly Journal
Author. “Title of Article.” Title of Magazine or Journal. Volume Number (Date): Page(s).
Krygier, John B., David H. Hickcox, and Richard D. Fusch. “Go Up Yonder and
Turn Right or Left: Directions for Successful Field Work.” Journal for the
Edification of Geographers 3 (1998): 1-27.
Background Notes
U.S. Department of State. Bangladesh. Background Notes. Washington, D.C.:
Government Printing Office, April 1987.
A Published Dissertation
Darling, Charles W. Giver of Due Regard: The Poetry of Richard Wilbur. Diss. U.
of CT, 1987. Merganse Press: Hartford, 1996.
An Unpublished Dissertation
Darling, Charles W. “Giver of Due Regard: The Poetry of Richard Wilbur.” Diss.
Rutgers U. 1997.
A Legal Document
Do not underline or put quotation marks around titles of laws or acts. You may abbreviate titles, with the works cited by sections and the years added if relevant.
21 US Code. Sec. 1401a. 1988.
US Const. Art. 1, sec. 1.
Citations of acts require the act’s name, its Public Law number, the date it was enacted, and its Statutes at Large cataloging number.
Driving a Professor Crazy Act of 1996. Publ. L. 100-418. 14 Nov. 1996. Stat.
99.1496.
The names of cases (unlike laws) are underlined.
Pepin v. Medieval Scholars Soc. of America. 176 USPQ 677. CT. Super. Ct.
1996.
A Pamphlet or Brochure
Office of the Dean of Students. Resources for Success: Learning Disabilities and
Attention Deficit Disorders. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University, 2000.
An Editorial
Wilson-Smith, Anthony. "Hello, He Must Be Going." Editorial. Maclean's 26 Aug.
2002: 4.
A Letter to the Editor
Woods, Brede M. Letter. Newsweek 23 Sept. 2002: 16.
Kolbert, Elizabeth. "Six Billion Short: How Will the Mayor Make Ends Meet?"
Letter. New Yorker 13 Jan. 2003: 33-37.
A Reply to a Letter to the Editor
Geens, Jennifer. Reply to letter of Bill Clark. Toronto Star 29 Sept. 2002: A1.
A Letter
Jordan, Barbara. Letter to author. 12 December 1994.
• Radio and Television
• Movies
• Theater
• Sound Recordings
• Musical Compositions
• Comic Strips and Cartoons
• Advertisements
• Interviews
• Speeches or Lectures
• Works of Art
Radio and Television
"Title of Episode". Name (Writer, Narrator, Producer, Director) . Title of Series. Name of Network. Radio Station or TV Channel Call Letters, City of Local Station or Channel. Broadcast Date.
A Radio Program
“What’s Ailing Medical News?” Narr. Ted Koppel. Prod. Richard Kaplan.
Viewpoint. ABC. WKRP,Cincinnati. 7 Feb. 1995.
"Mumia Abu Jamal: 15th Anniversary of His Arrest." Democracy Now. Pacifica.
KPFA-FM, Berkeley, CA. 9 Dec. 1996.
A Television Program
"The Blessing Way." The X-Files. Fox. WXIA, Atlanta. 19 Jul. 1998.
The Arsenal of Democracy (The Great Depression; 7). Prod. Blackside, Inc. PBS.
WGBH, Boston. 1 Mar. 1993.
Movies
Title. Dir. (Name of Director) Perf. (Names of principle performers) Distributor, Year.
A Film, Videocassette, or DVD
The Usual Suspects. Dir. Bryan Singer. Perf. Kevin Spacey, Gabriel Byrne,
Chazz Palminteri, Stephen Baldwin,and Benecio del Toro. Polygram, 1995.
The Mirror Has Two Faces. Dir. Barbra Streisand. Perf. Barbra Steisand, Jeff
Bridges Lauren Bacall, Mimi Rogers, Pierce Brosnan, and George Segal.
Tri-Star Video, 1996.
Theater
Title. By Name of Author/Composer. Dir. Name of Director. Perf. Names of Performers. Theatre, City. Date of Performance.
A Play, Opera, Ballet, Concert or Theatrical Performance
Phantom of the Opera. By Andrew Lloyd Webber. Dir. Tom None. Winter Garden,
New York. 13 Aug. 1988.
The Nutcracker. By Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. Chor. and Libretto by James
Kudelka. Cond. Ormsby Wilkins and Uri Mayer. National Ballet of Canada.
Hummingbird Centre, Toronto. 30 Dec. 1999.
The Shanghai Acrobats. By Incredible! Acrobats of China. Living Arts Centre,
Mississauga, ON. 4 Mar. 2005.
Sound Recordings
Group or Artist. “Title of Song.” Title of Recording. Type of Recording (if not a CD). Maufacturer, Year.
A Song in a Sound Recording
Turner, Tina. “Missing You.” All the Best. Capital, 2004.
An Entire Sound Recording
U2. All That You Can't Leave Behind. Interscope, 2000.
McDonald, Michael. No Lookin' Back. LP. Warner Bros., 1985.
Musical Compositions
Name of Composer. Title of Work. opus, number.
A Composition, Ballet, or Opera
Strauss, Richard. Träumerei, op. 9, no. 4.
Beethoven, Ludwig van. Für Elise.
Do not underline compositions identified only by form, number and key.
Beethoven, Ludvig van. Symphony no. 5 in A, op. 92
A Published Musical Score
Name of Composer. Title of Work, Op., No. Date Composition Written. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year.
Chopin, Frederic. Mazurka Op. 7, No. 1. New York: Fischer, 1918.
Weber, Carl Maria von. Invitation to the Dance Op. 65. 1819. London: Harris,
1933.
Ledbetter, Huddie, and John Lomax. Goodnight, Irene. 1936. New York: Spencer,
1950.
Comic Strips and Cartoons
Name of Artist. "Title of Comic Strip." Format. Publication. Name of Publication [Name of City if Necessary] Date of Publication: Page Number.
Conley, Darby. "Get Fuzzy." Comic Strip. Express-News [San Antonio] 6 May 2004: D4.
If the text is a single cartoon and not a part of a long running series, the title is not necessary and the format would be "Cartoon."
Chast, Roz. Cartoon. New Yorker 4 Feb. 2002: 53.
Advertisements
Name of Product. Company, or Institution. Descriptive Label. Channel. Date.
A Television or Radio Advertisement
Staples. Advertisement. CBS. 3 Dec. 2000.
Pringles potato chips. Advertisement. MTV. 19 Jan. 2005.
Interviews
A Personal Interview
Purdue, Peter. Personal Interview. 1 Dec. 2000.
Diamaond, Carol. Telephone Interview. 27 May 2002.
A Published Interview
Damon, Matt. Interview. People Magazine 29 July 1998: 78-80.
A Television or Radio Interview
Clinton, Bill. Interview with Ted Koppel. Nightline. ABC. WTNH, New Haven.
14 Nov.1996.
Speeches or Lectures
Speaker's Name. "Title of Lecture or Speech." The Sponsoring Organization. Location, City. Date (day, month, year format).
A Speech or Lecture
Harris, Muriel. "Writing Labs: A Short History." 2003 Writing Center Conference.
National Writing Centers Association. La Swank Hotel, Seattle.
28 March 2003.
If the lecture or speech has no title, use an appropriate descriptive label (e.g., Lecture, Address, Keynote speech). Do not underline or enclose it in quotation marks.
Scroggs, Biff G. Keynote speech. Bushnell Conf. on Dead Baseball Heroes.
Bushnell Auditorium, Hartford. 12 May 2003.
Works of Art
A Painting
Picasso, Pablo. Guernica. Museum of Modern Art. New York.
Raphael. The School of Athens. 1510-11. Stanza della Segnatura, Vatican
Palace, Rome.
A Sculpture
Rude, François. La Marseillaise. 1833-36. Arc de Triomphe, Paris.
Brancusi, Constantin. The Kiss. 1909. Tomb of T. Rachevskaia, Montparnasse
Cemetery, Paris.
A Work of Art Reproduced in a Book
Ingres, Jean Auguste Dominique. Apotheosis of Homer. Musee du Louvre, Paris.
Gardner’s Art Through the Ages. 10th ed. By Helen Gardner. Fort Worth:
Harcourt Brace, 1996. Plate 22.
Michelangelo. David. 1501-04. Accademia di Belle Arti, Florence. The Great
Masters. By Giorgio Vasari. Trans. Gaston Du C. de Vere. New York: Park
Lane, 1986. 226.
Tohaku, Deme. Ko-omote Female Mask. Edo period [1603-1867], Japan.
Náprstek Museum, Prague. The World of Masks. By Erich Herold, et al.
Trans. Dušan Zbavitel. London: Hamlyn, 1992. 207.
A Photograph Reproduced in a Book
Abell, Sam. Japan. 1984. National Geographic Photographs: The Milestones. By
Leah Bendavid-Val, et al. Washington, DC: National Geographic, 1999.232.
A Personal Photograph
War in Iraq: Operation Iraq Freedom on CNN. Personal photograph by author.
22 Mar. 2003.
Great Wall of China, Beijing, China. Personal photograph by Cassy Wyse.
28 July 2005.
• Web Sites
• Documents on a Web Site
• Online Books
• Online Encyclopedia Articles
• Online Periodical Articles
• Online Maps and Charts
• Articles from Online Subscription Databases
• Online Audio Visual Sources
• Online Communications
• CD-ROM Sources
Web Sites
Electronic citations should follow the same basic format as their print counterparts. Additional information, including access date and electronic web address, should be given. Some standard elements, such as page numbers, may not always be available.
An Entire Web Site
Title of Site. Editor. Publication Date or Most Recent Update. Name of Institution or Organization. Date of Access <URL>.
Biography Online. 27 Nov. 2002.The Biography Channel. 27 Nov. 2002
<http://www.biography.com/>.
Thomas: Legislative Information on the Internet. 2002. Library of Congress.
27 Nov. 2002 <http://thomas.loc.gov/>.
If no title for the web site is given, write Home page. Do not underline or use quotation marks.
Edmunds.com. Home page. 28 Apr. 2000 <http://www.edmunds.com/edweb/>.
A Professional Web Site
Victorian Women Writers Project. Ed. Perry Willett. Apr. 1997. Indiana University
4 Jan. 1998<http://www.indiana.edu/~letrs/vwwp/>.
Portuguese Language Page. University of Chicago. 4 Jan. 1998
<http://humanities.uchicago.edu/romance/port/>.
A Personal Web Site
Author. Home Page. Publication Date. Date of Access <URL>.
Lancashire, Ian. Home page. 28 Mar. 2002. 15 May 2002
<http://www.chass.utoronto.ca:8080/~ian/>.
Documents on a Web Site
Author. “Title of Article.” Print Publication Information (if available). Publication Information. Date of Access <URL>.
A Document Found on a Web Site with an Author
Chan, Irene. “Iraq: Human Rights in the Balance.” Amnesty USA. 11 Nov. 2002.
Amnesty International. 2 Dec. 2002
<http://www.amnestyusa.org/news/2002/iraq09252002.html>.
A Document Found on a Web Site with a Corporate Author
United States. Public Health Service. Office of the Surgeon General. Youth
Violence. Jan. 2001. 30 May 2001
<http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/youthviolence>.
A Document Found on a Web Site with an Author but No Date
Author. Title of Web Site. Name of Institution or Organization. Date of Access <URL>.
Dawe, James. The Jane Austen Page. 16 Sept. 2003
<http://jamesdawe.com/austen.html>.
A Document Found on a Web Site with No Author
“Inspectors Deem Equipment Missing.” CNN.com. 2 Dec. 2002. Cable News
Network. 2 Dec. 2002
<http://www.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/meast/12/02/sproject.irq.inspectors/
index.html>.
An Online Government Document
Name of Government. Name of Government Agency. Title of Document . Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Access Date <URL>.
United States. Cong. Senate. Superfund Cleanup Acceleration Act of 1997.21
Jan. 1997. 105th Cong. Senate Bill 8. 4 Mar. 1997 <http.thomas.loc.gov/egi-
bin/query/2?C105:S.8:>.
Utah. Dept. of Health. Reptile-Associated Salmonellosis. Salt Lake City: Bureau
of Epidemiology, 2001. 13 Dec. 2001
<http://hlunix.hl.state.ut.us/els/epidemiology/epifacts/reptile.html>.
Online Books
Author. Title of Book. Editor, Compiler or Translator. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication Date of Access <URL>.
An Entire Online Book
Hawthorne, Nathaniel. Twice-Told Tales. Ed. George Parsons Lathrop. Boston:
Houghton, 1883. 1 Mar. 2002. <http://eldred.ne.mediaone.net/nh/ttt.html>.
Anderson, Sherwood. Winesburg, Ohio. E-text created by Judith Boss for Project
Gutenberg. Champaign, IL, 1996. 26 July 2000
<http://xroads.virginia.edu/~HYPER/ANDERSON/cover.html>.
A Chapter in an Online Book
Author. "Title of Chapter." Title of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication, or Most Recent Update. Name of Institution or Organization. Date of Access <URL>.
King, F. Wayne, and Russell L. Burke, eds. "Checklist of Crocodilians, Tuatara,
and Turtles." Crocodilian, Tuatara, and Turtle: An Online Taxonomic and
Geographic Reference. Washington, D.C.: Assn. of Systematics Collections,
1989.
15 Dec. 2001
<http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/natsci/herpetology/turtcroclist/ chklist7.htm>.
An Online Poem, Essay or Short Story
Nesbit, Edith. "Marching Song." Ballads and Lyrics of Socialism. London, 1908.
Victorian Women Writers Project. Ed. Perry Willett. Apr. 1997. Indiana U.
26 Apr. 1997 <http://www.indiana.edu/~letrs/vwwp/nesbit/ballsoc.html#p9>.
Emerson, Ralph Waldo. “Spiritual Laws.” Essays. 26 May 1999. Internet Public
Library. 4 Dec. 2002 <http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/e/e53e/part4.html>.
An Article or Chapter in an Online Book (eBook)
Author. "Title of Article or Chapter." Title of eBook. Editor(s) (if given). Volume Number. Ed. (if given) Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication, or Most Recent Update. Page(s) (if given). Number of Volumes. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Thomson Gale. Library Where Accessed, City, State. Access Date <URL>.
Milner, Andrew. "Black Sox Scandal." St. James Encyclopedia of Popular
Culture. Eds. Sara Pendergast and Tom Pendergast. Vol. 1. Detroit: St.
James Press, 2000. 266-268. 5 vols. Gale Virtual Reference Library.Thomson
Gale. Watchung
Hills Reg H.S.. 15 February 2005
<http://find.galegroup.com/gvrl>.
Online Encyclopedia Articles
Author. "Title of Article." Title of of Encyclopedia. Subscriber Name, Place. Publisher. Access Date <URL>.
A Signed Online Encyclopedia Article
Rice, Otis K. "Lewis and Clark Expedition." The New Book of Knowledge Online.
Grolier Interactive Inc. 23 Oct. 2000. <http://nbk.grolier.com>.
An Unsigned Online Encyclopedia Article
"Canada," Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia. 2005. Microsoft Corporation.
14 Feb. 2005 <http://encarta.msn.com>
Online Periodical Articles
Author. Title of Article." Title of Magazine Date: Page(s) (if given).Access Date <URL>.
A Signed Online Magazine Article
Murphy, H. Lee. "Saturn's Orbit Still High With Consumers." Marketing News
Online 31 Aug. 1998.1 Sept. 2001
<http://www.ama.org/pubs/mn/0818/n1.htm>.
An Unsigned Online Magazine Article
"Health-Care Inflation: It's Baaack!" Business Week 17 Mar. 1997. 18 Mar. 1997
<http://www.businessweek.com/1997/11/b351852.htm>.
An Online Scholarly Journal Article
Author. "Title of Article." Title of Journal Volume Number. Issue Number. (Year of Publication). Page(s) (if given). Access Date <URL>.
Koehn, Daryl. "The Ethics of Handwriting Analysis in Pre-Employment
Screening." The Online Journal of Ethics 1.1 (1995). 2 June 2001
<http://condor/depaul.edu/ ethics/hand.html>.
An Online Newspaper Article
Author. "Title of Article." Title of Newspaper Date, Edition: Page(s) and Section (if given). Access Date <URL>.
Hampson, Rick. "Tiny Turtle Has Friends and Foes." USA Today 30 Apr. 1999,
final ed.: 3A. 13 Dec. 2001 <http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/
USAToday/tinyturtle.htm>.
Online Maps and Charts
"Title of Map. " Format. Scale. Title of of Web Site. Access Date <URL>.
"Afghanistan." Map. Visual Scale. The World Factbook 2: Afghanistan. 5 Sept.,
2001 <http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/af.html.
Articles from Online Subscription Databases
An Article in a Book from a Subscription Database
Author. "Title of Article." Title of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Name of Database. Publisher of Subscription Service. Library Where Accessed, City, State. Access Date <URL>.
Burt, Daniel S. "The Great Gatsby." The Novel 100: A Ranking of the Greatest
Novels of All Time. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 2004. Literary Reference
Online. Facts on File. Watchung Hills Regional High School Lib., Warren NJ,
16 Jan. 2005 <http://www.fofweb.com>.
A Magazine Article from a Subscription Database
Author. “Title of Article." Title of Magazine Date: Page(s) (if given). Name of Database.
Publisher of Subscription Service. Library Where Accessed, City, State. Access Date <URL>.
Ault, Alicia. "Stem Cell Battle Heats Up During Election Year ."Family Practice
News 1 Aug. 2004: 6+.Student Resource Center. Gale. Watchung Hills
Regional High School Lib., Warren, NJ. 15 Feb. 2005
<http://galenet.galegroup.com>.
"Diabetes Increases Risk for Caesarean Delivery." Nutrition Research
Newsletter Oct.1999: 6-7.Health Source. EBSCOhost. Watchung Hills
Regional High School Lib.,Warren, NJ. 27 Oct. 2003
<http://www.epnet.com>.
A Scholarly Journal Article from a Subscription Database
Author. “Title of Article." Title of Journal Volume Number.Issue Number. (Year of Publication). Page(s) (if given). Name of Database. Publisher of Subscription Service. Library Where Accessed, City, State. Access Date <URL>.
Montana, Giovanni and Jonathan K. Pritchard. "Statistical Tests for Admixture
Mapping with Case-Control and Cases-Only Data." American Journal of
Human Genetics 75.5 (2004). 771+. Science Resource Center. Gale.
Watchung Hills Regional High School Lib., Warren, NJ. 15 Feb. 2005
<http://galenet.galegroup.com>.
A Newspaper Article from a Subscription Database
Author. "Title of Article." Title of Newspaper. Date, Edition, Section: Page(s) (if given). Name of Database. Publisher of Subscription Service. Library Where Accessed, City, State. Access Date <URL>.
Glanz, James."Recount of Disputed Votes to Delay Results." New York Times.
10 Feb. 2005.eLlibrary Curriculum Edition. Proquest Company. Watchung
Hills Regional High School Lib., Warren, NJ. 15 Feb 2005
<http://elibrary.bigchalk.com>.
Online Audio Visual Sources
When citing a Web source other than a document - for example, an audio or film clip, a map, a photograph, a painting, and so on - give a descriptive word or phrase.
"Methuen, Massachusetts." Map. U.S. Gazeteer. US Census Bureau. 4 Oct.
1999 <http://www.census.gov/cgi-bin/gazetteer>.
Leonardo, da Vinci. The Mona Lisa. 1479. Painting. Louvre Museum Official
Website, Paris. 1 June 1999 <www.louvre.fr/anglais/collec/peint/peint_f.htm>.
Online Communications
An email Communication
Name of Writer (if known). “Title of Message.” Description of Message that Includes Recipient. Date.
Wang, Jun. "Introducing Web2." E-mail to Judy Young. 28 July 2000.
An Online Forum
Name of Writer (if known). “Title of Document.” Online Posting. Date of Posting. Name of Forum. Date of Access <URL>
Holland, Norman. "GAP (Group for Applied Psychology)." Online Posting. 1 May
2000. IPSA. 27 July 2000 <http://web.clas.ufl.edu/ipsa/gap.htm>
A Listserv (email Discussion Group)
Camilleri, Rosemary. "Narrative Bibliography." Online posting. 10 Mar. 1997. 11
Mar. 1997 <H-RHETOR @msu.edu>.
An Article in a Discussion Group or BLOG
Norton, J.R.. "Torture at Abu Ghraib: A Timeline." The O'Franken Factor (June
2004): 34 pars. 24 May 2004
<http://www.airamericaradio.com/bin/blogExcerpts.cfm?blogId=1&prg=3>.
CD-ROM Sources
A Book on CD-ROM
Author(s). Title of CD-ROM. CD-ROM. Edition or Version Number. Publisher, Date.
Sheehy, Donald, ed. 1997. Robert Frost: Poems, Life, Legacy. CD-ROM. New
York: Holt.Wilson Author Biographies. 3.2.1 Vers. CD-ROM. New York: H.W.
Wilson, 1995.
An Encyclopedia Article on CD-ROM
Author(s). "Title of Article." Title of CD-ROM. CD-ROM. Edition. Publisher, Date.
Jones, Thomas. "Mayan Civilizations." Encarta. CD-ROM. Microsoft,1996.
"Abolitionist Movement." Compton's Interactive Encyclopedia. CD-ROM.
Softkey Multimedia. 1996.
A Magazine or Newspaper Article on CD-ROM
Author(s). "Title of Article." Title of Magazine or Newspaper Date: Pages. CD ROM. Magazine or Newspaper Database. Date.
Smith, Andy. "Two Cheers for Peace." Chicago Tribune 2 Nov. 1997: 4-6. CD
ROM. Newsbank Newsfile. 1997. "Problems in Kosovo." New York Times 20
April 1999: 5-6. CD ROM. Newsbank Newsfile. 1999.
A Dictionary on CD-ROM
"Albatross." The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. CD-ROM. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 1994.
A Map on CD ROM
Author. "Map Title" [format]. Scale. Computer Software Title [format]. Edition. Place of production: Producer, Date of copyright or production.
"Map of Prussia in 1791" [map]. Centennia [computer atlas]. Version 1995.5.
Chicago: Clockwork Software Inc., 1995.
For further information on using MLA style, refer to the web sites below:
MLA Style - MCC Guide
http://www.monroecc.edu/depts/library/mla.htm
OWL at Purdue University: Using Modern Language Association (MLA) Format
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_mla.html
USM Libraries - MLA Style Guide
http://www.lib.usm.edu/research/guides/mla.html
MLA Examples
http://ollie.dcccd.edu/library/Module4/M4-V/examples.htm
How to Write a Bibliography – Examples of MLA Style
http://www.aresearchguide.com/12biblio.htm
APA style refers to the guidelines used in writing and citing research papers as described in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 5th ed. It is predominantly used in the social sciences, including psychology, sociology, anthropology, political science, education, business, economics, nursing, social work, and criminology, and in the hard sciences.
APA Style Guide
http://healthlinks.washington.edu/hsl/styleguides/apa.html
Citation Styles Handbook: APA
http://www.english.uiuc.edu/cws/wworkshop/writer_resources/citation_styles/apa/apa.htm
APA Reference Style
http://linguistics.byu.edu/faculty/henrichsenl/apa/apa01.html
APA Research Style Crib Sheet
http://www.wooster.edu/psychology/apa-crib.html
UW – Madison Writing Center Writer’s Handbook
http://www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/DocAPA.html
American Psychological Association (APA) Style Workshop
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/workshops/hypertext/apa/index.html
APA Citation Style
http://www.library.cornell.edu/newhelp/res_strategy/citing/apa.html
Guide for Writing Research Papers, APA-Style
http://webster.commnet.edu/apa
UW-madison Writing Center Writer's Handbook
http://www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/DocAPA.html
APA Style Citations and Rules
http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/instruct/guides/apastyle.pdf
Style Workshop: Introduction to APA Style
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/workshops/hypertext/apa/introduction.html
Chicago style refers to the guidelines used in writing and citing research papers as described in the The Chicago Style Manual, 15th ed. It presents two basic systems of documentation:
• Humanities Style (Notes and Bibliography Style) is used in literature, arts and history. Sources are cited using footnotes or endnotes. A bibliography is provided at the end of the paper on a separate page. The bibliography includes all resources used, not just those cited in the references. Citations include all available information and are listed in alphabetical order.
• Scientific/Social Sciences Style (Author-Date Style) is used in the physical, natural, and social sciences.Bibilographic information is cited cited in the body or text of the research paper using parenthetical notations. A Works Cited page is provided at the end of the paper.
Turabian style refers to the guidelines used in writing and citing research papers as described in Kate L. Turabian’s A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations. It is based on the University of Chicago Press’s Manual of Style, incorporating the most important rules of Chicago style and omitting some publishing details and options. Turabian style is intended for papers, theses, dissertations, and other scholarly research not meant for publication.
There are two basic systems of Turabian style documentation:
• Notes and Bibliography Style is generally used in literature, history, and the arts. Bibliographic information is cited within the text using numbered footnotes or endnotes. A Bibliography or Works Cited list is provided at the end of the paper, listing alphabetically all sources used.
• In-text Author-Date Citations and Reference List is used in the physical, natural, and social sciences. Sources are cited in parenthesis within the text and include the author's last name, publication year, and page(s) referred to. An alphabetized Reference List at the end of the paper provides full bibliographic information for all works cited in parenthetical citations.
Chicago Manual of Style Citation Guide
http://library.osu.edu/sites/guides/chicagogd.php#chicagointro
The Chicago Manual of Style Online: Chicago-Style Citation Quick Guide
http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html
Chicago Manual of Style - Documentary Note or Humanities Style
http://library.williams.edu/citing/styles/chicago1.php
Citation - Chicago Style
http://www.unc.edu/depts/wcweb/handouts/chicago.html
Citation Guide: Chicago Style: Author Date System
http://encarta.msn.com/sidebar_701779264/Citation_Guide_Chicago_Style.html
Turabian Quick Guide
http://www.press.uchicago.edu/books/turabian/turabian_citationguide.html
Turabian Citation Style Guide
http://www.libs.uga.edu/ref/turabian.html
Turabian Citation Style Guide
http://library.osu.edu/sites/guides/turabiangd.php
SFU Library - Citation Guide: Chicago/Turabian Style
http://www.lib.sfu.ca/researchhelp/writing/citing_guides/chicago.htm
Citing Sources Using Chicago/Turabian Style: Author-Date System
http://www.lib.umd.edu/guides/citing_chicad.html#over
Citing Sources Using Chicago/Turabian Style: Notes System
http://www.lib.umd.edu/guides/citing_chicnotes.html
Turabian and Chicago Styles Citations
http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/instruct/guides/chicago-turabianstyle.pdf
Citation Generators are interactive web tools designed to assist students and teachers in creating bibliographic citations in MLA, APA, Chicago, or Turabian style. Citations of print and electronic materials are automatically generated upon completion of an online form.
EasyBib: Free Automatic Bibliography Composer - MLA and APA Formatting
http://www.easybib.com
---generates MLA and APA citations for 37 types of sources.
Son of Citation Machine
http://citationmachine.net
---generates MLA, APA, Chicago, and Turabian style citations for 21 types of sources.
KnightCite Citation Service
http://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite
---generates MLA, APA or Chicago style citations for 25 types of sources.
Noddle Tools QuickCite
http://www.noodletools.com/quickcite
---generates MLA citations for 14 types of sources.
ASU Libraries: DocsCite
http://www.asu.edu/lib/hayden/govdocs/docscite/docscite.htm
---generates MLA or APA style citations for government documents.